Faculty Of Law Research Articles

Analyzing the Construct Validity of Work Readiness Instruments for Indonesian Law Faculty Students Using the Rasch Model

Objective: The issue of undergraduate law students tends not to have clear work readiness, the data is obtained from several research results, the research findings have an indication of concern in interpreting the data which has an impact on inaccuracies in analyzing the data, the unclear construct of the instrument items studied, the measurements obtained depend on the characteristics of the test used, the item parameters depend on individual abilities, and measurement errors can only know for groups not individuals. Measuring instruments need to be tested for validity and reliability before being used on individuals to achieve valid and reliable goals. This study aims to test the validity and reliability of work readiness instruments based on the Work-Readiness Integrated Competence Model (WRICM) theory.
  
 Method: This research was conducted on 720 participants from several universities in Indonesia with a Cross Sectional Survey research design. The results of data collection were then analyzed through the Rasch model using the Winstep version 3.73 application.
  
 Results: The results showed a unidimensionality value of 36.1%, item reliability of 0.99. Of the 23 items created, there are 14 instrument items that have met the requirements of objective measurement.
  
 Conclusion: The Indonesian work readiness instrument obtained can be used to obtain data on work readiness needs as a foothold for determining the education strategy for law faculty students in Indonesia in terms of content, methods, and comprehensive evaluation.

THE ISSUE OF LEGALIZING CANNABIS: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE STUDENT’S PUBLIC DISCOURSE

Introduction: The objective of the present work is to analyze in a multidimensional view, Albania's Law No. 61/2023 on Cannabis legalization for its legal, applicability mechanisms, and economic challenges, assessing the readiness of the country, clarity, and impact on drug control.   Method:  The method of this study is quasi-experimental, and it is divided into two phases. The current study sample is two hundred students, of whom 120 (60%) were from the Faculty of Law and 80 (40%) from the University of Medical Sciences. The initial retrospective study (T1) was employed to identify the gaps in the legal education of law and assess the legislation’s stance. Five months later (T2) Medical Cannabis Juridical Education; Law enforcement capacities; and Social and Psychological impact identified as the key gaps were evaluated.   Results: The students enrolled in the Law and Pharmacy program showed an improved understanding of the socio-psychological ramifications associated with the law implementation in Albania (t1 = 2; 7; t2 = 3.76; p < 0.001). Regressive results revealed an influence of Judicial and Psychoeducational training on the students' public opinion with an R-value model summary of 0,706 (70%).   Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the legalization of Cannabis in Albania is a significant challenge for the country and continued follow-up and public training would increase public awareness and assertiveness toward the Law.

Education and structural racism: teachers’ views on racial discrimination experienced in the workplace

The research in question was developed together with the Center for Research and Extension in Human Rights (NUPEDH) and the Research Group Law, Gender and Plural Identities (DGIPLUS), both linked to the Postgraduate Program in Law and Social Justice at the Faculty of Law (FADIR) from the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG/Brazil). We sought to investigate, analyze, and understand how structural racism – a phenomenon understood as systematic racial discrimination present in sociopolitical structures – is experienced by teachers who self-identify as black and who work in the public and private primary and secondary education network in the city of Canguçu located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Aiming to achieve the proposed objective, the deductive research method was adopted, comprising bibliographical research (scientific articles, theses, and books) and critical-reflective analysis of the collected material. As the aim was also to understand the reality of black teachers, empirical research was carried out through semi-structured interviews with all 41 black teachers out of a total of 775 teachers who work in the educational system in the city of Canguçu. Among the obtained results, the fact that the majority, that is, 99% of the teachers interviewed, stated that they had experienced situations of prejudice in work relationships and when teaching in the classroom stands out. Both the number of black teachers in the city of Canguçu and the testimonies of the interviewees corroborate the existence of structural racism in the educational sphere, since, as the authors who underlie the research emphasize, racial discrimination is one of the elements that make up the sociopolitical organization and economic aspects of Brazilian society.

Review of Obstruction of Justice Perpetrators in Premeditated Murder Cases

Criminal responsibility is a reprehensible act by society that must be accounted to its maker for the actions committed. The problem in this study is how criminal accountability for perpetrators of obstruction of justice in premeditated murder cases and whether the sentences given to perpetrators have fulfilled the sense of substantive justice for the community (Review of Verdict Number: 806 / Pid, Sus / 2022 / PN Jkt Sel). The research method uses a normative juridical approach, the data used are secondary. The study conducted is a literature study. The resource person in this study is a Criminal Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, University of Lampung. This study aims to see in depth how criminal responsibility for perpetrators of criminal acts of persecution and whether the verdict given has fulfilled the sense of justice for the community, therefore the approach taken in this study is normative. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that after listening to witness statements and legal facts at the trial and based on the judge's consideration, the defendant was sentenced to imprisonment for 10 (ten) months and a fine of Rp. 10,000,000 (ten million rupiah), because the elements have been legally and convincingly proven. In addition, Judgment No.: 806/Pid. Sus/2022/PN Jkt Sel has fulfilled the substantive sense of justice as the panel of judges has carefully considered and decided to issue this ruling.

Supporting Law School DEI Initiatives through Library Guides: Building a Better Experience for Implementing an Anti-Racist 1L Curriculum

This research investigated the anti-racist research guides of several law schools to determine whether they included pedagogical, faculty training and mental health resources for their law school populations. These issues are important to law schools that are altering their curriculum due to recent ABA-mandated changes. The findings suggest that many schools are providing material for pedagogical resources but not including mental health resources that may be helpful to law faculty, administrators, staff, and students who may need support through these changes. There is also an opportunity to improve the selection of training resources provided.

Ślady kultu św. Rajmunda z Penyafort w przepowiadaniu Fabiana Birkowskiego. Przyczynek do badań nad dominikańskim piśmiennictwem hagiograficznym w dawnej Polsce

St. Raymond of Penyafort is not contemporarily a well-known figure in Poland. Neither was he in the days of Old Poland, when he enjoyed popularity only within rather narrow circles. Without a doubt, in that period he was known in the environment of scholars connected with the Faculty of Law of Cracow Academy, where the chair dealing with his compilation of The Decretals of Gregory IX, stipulated in the foundation act issued already by Casimir III the Great, survived until the reform introduced by Hugo Kołłątaj (the second half of the 18th century). If he was regarded as an outstanding legal theorist in the circle of lawyers, he was worshipped as a saint primarily in the Order of Preachers, the third General in the history of which he had been. The evidence of the presence of his cult among the Dominicans are, among others, the two texts of Fabian Birkowski, OP, a Baroque preacher, which are discussed in this article. They are Kazanie na dzień S. Raymunda [A sermon for the Feast Day of St. Raymond] included in the collection Kazania na święta doroczne [Sermons for Annual Holidays] (Cracow 1620) and the Latin speech under the title S. Raymundus sive mare liberum Sanctis, from the collection Orationes ecclesiasticae (Cracow 1622). In both texts, while making a presentation of the figure of St. Raymond, the preacher concentrated his attention on the Saint’s crossing the sea between Majorca and Barcelona on his Dominican’s cape. The miracle attributed to the Saint made for Birkowski the starting point for further considerations which – in the case of the sermon – concerned the spiritual light, whereas in that of the Latin oration – the missionary’s activity of the Church and in particular – Dominicans’ missions. In the sermon devoted to St. Raymond, the preacherappears as a theologian, skillfully making use of various quotations from the Bible and theological literature. In turn, the oration reveals his potential of an experienced erudite, skillfully combining biblical motifs with elements drawn from the literature of Greek-Roman antiquity. The comparative analysis of the texts confirms the Maria Rowińska-Szczepaniak, The traces of the cult of St. Raymond of Penyafort… 41 particular character of the collection Orationes ecclesiasticae in the output of Father Birkowski, encouraging scholars to conduct further studies on the speeches included in it, as well as on their place in the literature written in Latin in the days of Old Poland.

Gender Equity in Deanship of the Central and Eastern European Law Schools

AbstractThe paper aims to analyze the scope of female leadership (deanship) at public and non-public law faculties in selected countries from the region of Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Montenegro. The paper will explore the engagement of women in the administration of law schools operating within public (and non-public) schools (universities) across the region in the latest years. The paper aims to show the number of female deanships at law faculties in the analyzed states. This analysis will be based on statistical data obtained from the available public sources (including national databases as well as the European Union resources) providing the number of female deans and vice-deans appointed or elected by the academia at all higher education institutions within the country. The initial hypothesis states that gender inequality has been present in the deanship of analyzed law schools and reflects general trends in gender equality in Europe. Comprehensive analysis of the central and eastern European states will allow formulating the key conclusions and answering the following research questions concerning the differences in the numbers of women on the key positions within the law faculties in terms of public versus non-public institutions and in the light of the general gender equality trends in the continent. The research methods used for the analysis include a dogmatic method, statistical method as well as comparative method.

Integrating scholarly writing development into postgraduate research programmes: An exploration of enablers and constraints

In many South African universities, full research students receive little support during the research conceptualisation stage of the research journey, other than that provided by their supervisors, who tend to have limited time to engage with their students. Furthermore, during the proposal phase, scant attention is paid to the role of writing in research conceptualisation and scholarly development. In an attempt to address this neglect, the authors of this article worked collaboratively with academic staff from two schools within the Faculty of Commerce, Law, and Management at the University of the Witwatersrand to pilot academic literacies-informed projects aimed at integrating writing in the first year of existing postgraduate research programmes. This article provides insight into factors that constrain and enable such an integration endeavour. Data was collected through focus group discussions with the project teams from the participating schools. Drawing on Margaret Archer’s structure, culture, and agency as the analytical framework, five themes emerged from the data: leadership and oversight, supervision and postgraduate pedagogy, supervisor awareness and support, the postgraduate research education curriculum, and student engagement and commitment. The authors discuss these themes in terms of their enabling and constraining dimensions, and conclude with observations that could inform similar initiatives in other postgraduate research programmes.

Armand de Mestral: The Transatlantic-Global Jurist

Abstract This article pays tribute to Professor Armand de Mestral, a revered figure in international and international trade law from the McGill Law faculty. With a career spanning over forty years, he notably contributed to legal scholarship and policy, held the Jean Monnet Chair, and served as an arbitrator in various international tribunals. Professor de Mestral’s work in EU law and regional trade agreements, coupled with his leadership in the Canadian Red Cross Society, highlights his profound influence in both academia and social justice. His legacy continues to inspire future generations in the field of international law.

Readiness of the Legal Education System in Indonesia in Facing the Era of Artificial Intelligence

Many parties are then worried about the development of artificial intelligence. Facing artificial intelligence (AI) is undoubtedly a challenge for the academic world, as it is difficult to prepare graduates to have abilities that can match artificial intelligence. Therefore, this research will discuss how the legal education system in Indonesia prepares Law Faculty students to be competent with AI in the digital era. This research is limited to the learning system at the Faculty of Law. This is due to the issue that in the future, with the presence of AI, many jobs in the legal field will be replaced by computers. This research also aims to see the readiness of the Law Faculty in preparing Law Faculty students to face the digital era and the presence of AI. This research falls into the criteria for Normative Legal Research using library research methods. It is said to be normative legal research, because the research only looks at the readiness of universities based on existing norms or rules relating to the legal education system. And it is said to be library research because the researcher did not conduct interviews or observations in collecting the data. The writer then analyzed the data obtained using a deductive method, where the researcher looked at general things first and then narrowed them down to specific things. The results and brief discussion show that Indonesia needs to strengthen its legal education system to face the challenges brought by artificial intelligence by taking several steps to change. With these steps of change, the legal education system in Indonesia will be better prepared to face the changes brought about by the era of artificial intelligence.

Editorial: Language and Law

Initiated against the backdrop of the NWU Faculty of Law's inaugural "Justice in Practice" colloquium in March 2022, this collection of articles represents an independent and meticulously scrutinised body of work. While inspired by the colloquium's overarching theme, each contribution has undergone a rigorous, blind peer review process, ensuring scholarly rigor and individual merit. The colloquium served as a catalyst for exploring unchartered territories in language and law research, emphasising the global South's unique perspective enriched by multilingualism and multiculturalism. In the complex tapestry of human society, the dynamic interplay between language and the legal domain emerges as a dynamic and evolving field demanding scholarly exploration and understanding.

A renewed argument for the designation of Social Security Law as a module in the LLB curriculum

The Covid-19 pandemic and the government’s response thereto has shifted socio-economic rights to the forefront of the nation’s attention. Social security measures formed the vanguard of measures to address the dire economic consequences of the lockdown and subsequent restrictions on breadwinners and their dependants. More than two years after the government’s temporary interventions, the discourse has morphed into a debate on the need and viability of more comprehensive and long-term measures. All the proposed measures – whether it be a national social security fund, national health insurance or even a basic income grant – point towards social security becoming ubiquitous in South Africa. However, very few LLB graduates have been exposed to the Social Security Law module as part of their law degree. This underscores the need for equipping LLB graduates with the fundamentals of this branch of law. This article makes three arguments. First, it argues for the inclusion of the Social Security Law module in the LLB curriculum of all law faculties in the country, preferably as a core module. Second, it posits that it is time, almost 30 years into the country’s democracy, to shift our attention towards an aggressive pursuit of socio-economic rights, and in doing so, there is a corresponding need to equip LLB graduates with the tools to play a meaningful role in the country’s transformation agenda. Finally, the article makes a case for the creation of an association of Social Security Law teachers to ensure, among others, the sharing of expertise and the provision of support and guidance to faculties and colleagues who wish to introduce Social Security Law as an LLB module.

Editorial Notes

The International Sustainable Development Research Society (ISDRS) is a global network of academic and sustainable development experts. ISDRS will organise an annual conference to allow practitioners, researchers, academics, and students to network and share their latest research, case studies, experiences, and accomplishments within the context of sustainable development.Halfway through Agenda 2030, and amid the COVID-19 pandemic to endemic transition, people from every walk of life are experiencing changes in their lives. Governments worldwide are aligning their goals and targets to fit in the new ‘norms.’ Against this background, researchers were invited to share their work, which assesses the progress of SDGs, at the 29th ISDRS Conference from 11th to 13th July 2023 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.The Malaysia conference took place in the mid of Agenda 2030, seven years and a half after SDGs was first launched in 2015, and seven years and a half more towards 2030. It goes without saying that the most appropriate theme for the 2023 conference was “Half-way through Agenda 2030: Assessing the 5Ps of SDGs (people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership)”. Below are the commitments made by country leaders worldwide to the 5P back in 2015: People We are determined to end poverty and hunger in all their forms and dimensions and to ensure that all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment. Planet We are determined to protect the planet from degradation, including through sustainable consumption and production, sustainably managing its natural resources and taking urgent action on climate change so that it can support the needs of the present and future generations. Prosperity We are determined to ensure that all human beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and that economic, social and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature. Peace We are determined to foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies which are free from fear and violence. There can be no sustainable development without peace and no peace without sustainable development. Partnership We are determined to mobilise the means required to implement this Agenda through a revitalised Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, based on a spirit of strengthened global solidarity, focused in particular on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the participation of all countries, all stakeholders and all people. The Faculty of Law, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM (or the National University of Malaysia), was proud to be the main organiser of the 29th ISDRS Conference. Other co-organizers were IDEA Centre UKM, Institute of Fuel Cell UKM, Institute of Visual Informatic UKM, Institute of the Malay World and Civilization UKM, UKM-Graduate School of Business, Hadhari Institute UKM and UKM Strategy Center.

EVALUATING TOEFL PREDICTION TEST PROFICIENCY AMONG LECTURERS AND STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SAMUDRA

The TOEFL test to measure English language skills is an important determinant of educational success and admission to the university. The aim of study is to measure Toefl ability by lecturers and students at University of Samudra. This study used a test method with a quantitative-descriptive approach. With regard to the analysis of data from lecturers' TOEFL test results in various study programs, this study compared the scores for listening comprehension, reading comprehension and finally structure and written expression as well as showed the highest score, lowest scores and average scores obtained by the lecturers and students across disciplines. Meanwhile, analyzing data from the TOEFL test for students, this study demonstrated the highest, lowest and average scores of each study program in 5 faculties such as faculty of teacher training and education, faculty of engineering, faculty of law, faculty of agriculture, and faculty of economics. There were 16 lecturers who participated and 1.792 students. Finding found that the highest score of the lecturer's TPT test was 497 by P-15 from Accountancy. However, this highest score is not enough to pass doctoral studies with a minimum score of 500. So all lecturers must repeat the TPT test. Meanwhile, only Chemical and Technical Information managed to get an average score above 450 in order to meet the requirements of the thesis trial. Therefore, many lecturers and students did not pass the TPT test, so they repeated the TPT test.

Assessing The Efficiency of Web-Hosted E-Learning Platforms in Afghanistan Academic Settings

This study investigates the utilization and effectiveness of web-hosted e-learning platforms within the academic environment of Herat University. Adopting a quantitative research design, data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to students and faculty members across various disciplines. The sample comprised 190 respondents from the Faculty of Medical, Education, Computer Science, Economics, and Law. Analysis involved descriptive statistics and chi-square tests using SPSS 26 software. Findings revealed diverse platform preferences, with HELMS emerging as the most commonly used platform. Overall, participants expressed high satisfaction levels with platform usability and perceived effectiveness in facilitating student engagement and interaction. Challenges related to cost, internet connectivity, and technical issues were identified, impacting the learning experience. Recommendations include enhancing platform usability through user-friendly interfaces and comprehensive training, as well as addressing technical and connectivity challenges. The study contributes to understanding the current landscape of e-learning at Herat University and provides insights for improving educational practices and policies.

PERKEMBANGAN HUKUM ISLAM PASCA PERIODE TAQLID (KEMAPANAN MAZHAB)

Islamic law experienced dullness and decline after the period of taklid. However, that period disappeared after Muslims sought a solution so as not to be left behind from the West which was increasingly advanced while Islam was the opposite. The revolution of Islamic thought was present during the progress of Islam after blind taklid, spearheaded by Islamic thinkers of his time, such as Abdul, Sheikh Muhammad as- Sirhindi, Sayyid Ahmad Syahid, Muhammad Abdul Wahab and so on, which made Islamic law and Islamic thought advance again. This research aims to analyze the development of Islamic law after the taqlid period. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach as a data search process. Primary and secondary data are obtained from books, electronic journal manuscripts that have been published in journals that have national and international reputations related to the development of Islamic law during the taqlid period. After the data has been obtained, data analysis is carried out to find answers to the problems raised and after that the real conclusion is drawn. The results showed that Islamic law experienced a period of development, one of which is called the Awakening period which began in the second part of the 19th century until now, with the central figures being Jalaluddin Al-Afghani (1839-1897) and Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905). Their thoughts were heavily influenced by those of Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328). The first characteristic is the call to establish Pan Islamism and make comprehensive changes to the Islamic world, especially in the field of utilizing reason over the Qur'an and Sunnah and at the same time releasing ties from the shackles of the madhhab. Mazhab is something common, but excessive bigotry against the mazhab is something that perishes and destroys. Second, the approach to Islamic law through Mazhab Comparison, both the Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanafi and Hambali madhabs plus the Shi'a Mazhab. Comparisons are even made with Western legal systems and other laws. Third, it is characterized by considerable attention from the European and Western world in general to study Islamic law so that they make Islamic law an official subject in the Faculty of Law. Fourth, from the development of Islamic law is the tendency in Muslim countries to return to Islamic Law as seen in the Middle East and in Southeast Asia. Even if the country is not an Islamic state, the law applied in it is Islamic law.

PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERBICARA BAHASA INGGRIS DENGAN METODE DEBAT UNTUK MAHASISWA FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS RIAU KEPULAUAN

This activity was aimed to improve English speaking skills by using debate methods to improve English language skills for students of the Law Study Program at the University of Riau Kepulauan. Mastering English skills and improving the quality of speaking in a foreign language were able to improve English speaking performance in handling legal cases involving foreigners in the jurisdiction of the Riau Islands province. The material used in English debates was very effective in improving Law Students' English skills. The results of the training showed an improving of the students of the Faculty of law’s' speaking abilities, understanding, knowledge and grades. Apart from that, the level of students' ability to understand to improve their abilities is very high. In conclusion, Debate requires students to argue, defend opinions and conclusions which require students to think before expressing their opinions. This certainly provides an opportunity for participants who are usually less active in learning activities in class to become active because they have to convey arguments or answer questions given by other groups to improve their language skills. these students increase. Apart from that, this training also received a high level of satisfaction from participants in terms of material, instructors, teaching methods. Overall, this training succeeded in providing positive results and met the participants' expectations in their preparation to improve their speaking skills using English.

Analyzing the Construct Validity of Work Readiness Instruments for Indonesian Law Faculty Students Using the Rasch Model

Objective: The issue of undergraduate law students tends not to have clear work readiness, the data is obtained from several research results, the research findings have an indication of concern in interpreting the data which has an impact on inaccuracies in analyzing the data, the unclear construct of the instrument items studied, the measurements obtained depend on the characteristics of the test used, the item parameters depend on individual abilities, and measurement errors can only know for groups not individuals. Measuring instruments need to be tested for validity and reliability before being used on individuals to achieve valid and reliable goals. This study aims to test the validity and reliability of work readiness instruments based on the Work-Readiness Integrated Competence Model (WRICM) theory.   Method: This research was conducted on 720 participants from several universities in Indonesia with a Cross Sectional Survey research design. The results of data collection were then analyzed through the Rasch model using the Winstep version 3.73 application.   Results: The results showed a unidimensionality value of 36.1%, item reliability of 0.99. Of the 23 items created, there are 14 instrument items that have met the requirements of objective measurement.   Conclusion: The Indonesian work readiness instrument obtained can be used to obtain data on work readiness needs as a foothold for determining the education strategy for law faculty students in Indonesia in terms of content, methods, and comprehensive evaluation.

RAZÕES DO ESTADO IMPERIAL PARA A CRIAÇÃO DO CURSO JURÍDICO EM PERNAMBUCO

This work has as a proposal to discuss the reasons that led the Brazilian ImperialState to create the legal course in Pernambuco, as well as on the aspects thatmade the Law Faculty of Recife, one of the most important centers ofknowledge, modern history and Contemporary art from Brazil. For this, we seekin the structures, policies of the Brazilian Imperial State, the elements for thecreation of the legal course in Pernambuco. Historiographical rescue innewspapers and books, of the evolution of the legal thought of the time, thatwas fomented, in Pernambuco lands, realizing a survey of the proposals ofcreation of the legal courses in Brazil, as well as of the law of 11/08/1827 , Whichcreates legal courses in Brazil. The period of study of this research refers to theyears from 1822 to 1870, although we have to use diachronism to establish atemporal logic for the structure of understanding the facts that marked this newstage of national knowledge. Education in Brazil until the arrival of the royalfamily in 1808 summed up the Jesuit experiences of the Society of Jesus. Withthe advent of Brazil's independence in 1822, ideas about a system of educationof its own began to circulate in Brazil. This system of education, which was onceonly destined for the subjects of the crown, won defenders for its generalization,as a right of every citizen of the new nation. Pernambuco constituted possiblythe main focus of liberalism in the country, which contradicted the absolutismof Dom Pedro I, the ideologies that come every time from Europe and theUnited States, aroused the harsh and rebellious character of one of the mostThe Brazilian state. The choice of the city of São Paulo seems obvious, thealready outstanding port of Santos, the proximity of the crown facilities and thealready incipient infrastructure, the province represented the organization ofpolitics and economic activity, the interests of development of the countryfavored the City. But the choice of Olinda dates back to the year 1800, whenAzeredo Coutinho, bishop of Olinda and acting governor of Pernambuco,founded a modeling seminary. This institute inaugurated in 22/02/1800 wouldhouse in 1827 the then legal faculty. Pernambuco was the main representativeof liberal ideas, had already revolted and persuaded other provinces do thesame. The choice of Pernambuco as the seat of one of the faculties seems upto the moment of this research, as a strategic choice of vigilance ready forpunishment. Dom Pedro I, who had already punished the province ofPernambuco, with detachment from the extensive territory of the District of SanFrancisco, would have the faculty as the eyes of the crown the watch over therebellious province. After the transfer of the faculty of Olinda to Recife, it waspossible to verify a literary production, that would not change the educationalpanorama of the State, would lead to deep discussions about the same. Thissystem of education, which was once only destined for the subjects of thecrown, won not only defenders for its popularization, as it was incorporated,the order of the new studies, among them that of criminal law so stagnant.

Republikán a volnomyšlenkář? Složitý život Leopolda Heyrovského mezi státem, rodinou a společností

The article deals with the characterization of Leopold Heyrovský (1852–1924), professor of Roman law at the Law Faculty of the Charles University in Prague, as a “republican” and “freethinker”, as preserved by the memories of his descendants. Using the memories of his daughter Klára Heyrovská and of his colleague Jan Krčmář, the author focuses on religion, political and social ideas and the paternal role of Leopold Heyrovský. On the basis of partial sources, he is trying to reconstruct the political, religious, and social habitus of the hitherto less researched Prague university professor. It turns out that the characterization of Heyrovský as a republican and freethinker basically corresponds to reality, but with the caveat that Heyrovský was well aware of the risks that such opinions would bring him, and therefore expressed them only very carefully. His religious situation – he remained formally Catholic but did not participate in any religious ceremonies – was complicated not only by his position as a university professor, but also by his marriage to a fervent Catholic wife who raised their children in this faith. Nevertheless, he tried to pass on his free-spirited and patriotic views to his children, to whom he devoted a lot of time as a committed father.